Which Of These Was Most Likely To Avoid Service In Vietnam?

U.S. and Australian social phenomenon, 1964–1973

Draft evasion in the Vietnam State of war
Part of Opposition to the Vietnam War
V immature people sitting and talking intently, Marking Satin (left), director of the Toronto Anti-Draft Programme,[i] counseling American draft evaders, 1967
Date	1964–1973
Acquired by	Conscription in Commonwealth of australia Conscription in the United states
Goals	Avert military deployment in the Vietnam War
Methods	Immigrating to Canada or Sweden Attempting deferment Careful objection Draft-bill of fare burning Enlisting in the United States Coast Guard or the U.s.a. National Guard
Resulted in	General Disruption -- and eventual termination -- of the draft (military conscription). Lowered military personnel Specifics More than half of 27,000,000 available men deferred from the draft 60,000-100,000 men immigrate from the U.South.

Draft evasion in the Vietnam War was a common practice in the United states and in Australia.^[2] Significant draft avoidance was taking place fifty-fifty before the U.S. became heavily involved in the Vietnam State of war. The large cohort of Baby Boomers immune for a steep increment in the number of exemptions and deferments, especially for college and graduate students.^[3] More than half of the 27 million men eligible for the draft during the Vietnam State of war were deferred, exempted, or disqualified.^[3]

Evasion in Australia and the U.s. [edit]

Penalties and rate of prosecution [edit]

A distinction is fabricated between typhoon evaders and draft resisters. There were millions of men who avoided the typhoon, and many thousands who openly resisted the conscription system and actively opposed the state of war.^[4] The head of U.S. President Richard Nixon'southward chore force on the all-volunteer military reported in 1970 that the number of resisters was "expanding at an alarming rate" and that the regime was "almost powerless to apprehend and prosecute them".^[5] It is at present known that, during the Vietnam era, approximately 570,000 young men were classified every bit draft offenders,^[3] and approximately 210,000 were formally accused of typhoon violations;^{[6] [3]} withal, but 8,750 were convicted and only 3,250 were jailed.^[three] Some draft eligible men publicly burned their draft cards, just the Justice Section brought charges against but fifty, of whom 40 were convicted.^[7]

In 1964 Australia enacted a draft for soldiers to send to Vietnam. From 1966 to 1968 a growing force of conscientious objectors grew in Australia and by 1967 became openly popular due to a growing protestation motion. Information campaigns were carried out by organizations like Students for a Democratic Society and Save Our Sons to spread data on how to avoid the draft.^[ii]

Enlisting to evade [edit]

Every bit U.S. troop force in Vietnam increased, some young men sought to evade the draft by preemptively enlisting in military forces that were unlikely to encounter combat in Vietnam, such equally the Coast Guard,^[8] though Declension Guardsmen had to maintain readiness for combat in Vietnam,^[ix] and some Coast Guardsmen eventually served and were killed there.^[eight] Similarly, the Vietnam-era National Guard was seen past some equally an avenue for avoiding combat in Vietnam,^[10] although that likewise was less than foolproof: about 15,000 National Guardsmen were sent to Vietnam before the state of war began winding down.^[ten]

Evasion counseling [edit]

Other immature men sought to evade the draft by avoiding or resisting any military commitment. In this they were bolstered by certain countercultural figures. "Draft Dodger Rag", a 1965 vocal by Phil Ochs, circumvented laws against counseling evasion by employing satire to provide a how-to listing of available deferments: ruptured spleen, poor eyesight, flat feet, asthma, and many more.^[11] Folksinger Arlo Guthrie lampooned the paradox of seeking a deferment by acting crazy in his song "Alice's Restaurant": "I said, 'I wanna kill! Impale! Consume dead burnt bodies!' and the Sergeant said, 'You're our boy'!"^[12] The book 1001 Ways to Beat the Draft was co-authored by Tuli Kupferberg, a member of the ring The Fugs. Information technology espoused such methods as arriving at the draft board in diapers.^[13] Another text pertinent to typhoon-historic period men was Jules Feiffer'southward cartoon novella from the 1950s, Munro, subsequently a short moving picture, in which a 4-year-old boy is drafted by error.^[14]

Typhoon counseling groups were some other source of support for potential typhoon evaders. Many such groups were active during the war. Some were connected to national groups, such every bit the American Friends Service Committee and Students for a Democratic Guild; others were ad hoc campus or community groups.^[15] Many specially trained individuals worked as counselors for such groups.^[16]

David Harris and "The Resistance" helped organize Stop the Draft Week in Oakland, California, Oct 1967.^{[17] [xviii]}

Public resistance [edit]

Alongside the draft counseling groups, a substantial draft resistance movement emerged.^[nineteen] Students for a Democratic Society sought to play a major function in information technology,^[20] as did the War Resisters League,^[18] the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee's "National Black Anti-War Anti-Draft Union"^[21] and other groups.^[eighteen] Many say that the draft resistance motility was spearheaded by an organization called The Resistance.^{[nineteen] [22]} It was founded by David Harris and others in the San Francisco Bay Area in March 1967, and quickly spread nationally.^[18] The insignia of the organization was the Greek letter omega, Ω, the symbol for ohms—the unit of electrical resistance. Members of The Resistance publicly burned their draft cards or refused to annals for the draft. Other members deposited their cards into boxes on selected dates and and so mailed them to the authorities. They were then drafted, refused to exist inducted, and fought their cases in the federal courts. These draft resisters hoped that their public civil disobedience would help to bring the war and the draft to an end. Many young men went to federal prison equally part of this motion.^{[19] [22]} According to Cortright, the draft resistance motion was the leading edge of the anti-state of war movement in 1967 and 1968.^[iii]

After the war, some of the typhoon evaders who stayed in the U.South. wrote memoirs. These included David Harris's Dreams Die Difficult (1982),^[23] David Miller's I Didn't Know God Made Honky Tonk Communists (2001),^[24] Jerry Elmer's Felon for Peace (2005),^[25] and Bruce Dancis's Resister (2014).^{[26] [27]} Harris was an anti-draft organizer who went to jail for his beliefs (and was briefly married to folk singer Joan Baez),^[23] Miller was the first Vietnam State of war refuser to publicly burn down his typhoon carte (and later became partner to spiritual teacher Starhawk),^[24] Elmer refused to register for the draft and destroyed draft board files in several locations,^[25] and Dancis led the largest chapter of Students for a Democratic Society (the one at Cornell University) before existence jailed for publicly shredding his draft card and returning it to his draft board.^[27] Harris in particular expresses serious second thoughts nearly aspects of the movement he was function of.^[23]

American emigration to Canada and elsewhere [edit]

Popularity [edit]

The number of U.S. draft evaders who went to Canada was a fraction of those who resisted the Vietnam State of war.^[28] According to a 1978 book by former members of President Gerald Ford's Clemency Lath, 210,000 Americans were accused of draft offenses and xxx,000 left the country.^[6] A recent gauge is that that 60,000 to 100,000 left the U.S., mainly for Canada or Sweden.^[3] Others scattered elsewhere; Mexico,^[29] Great britain,^[30] and at to the lowest degree one draft evader sympathized with Mao Zedong'southward People's republic of china and establish refuge there.^[31] Typhoon evader Ken Kiask spent eight years traveling continuously across the Global South earlier returning to the U.S.^[32]

The number of Vietnam-era draft evaders leaving for Canada is hotly contested.^[33] Estimates range from a floor of 30,000 to a ceiling of 100,000, depending in part on who is being counted equally a typhoon evader.^[34]

Procedure of emigration [edit]

Tattered re-create of the Manual for Draft-Historic period Immigrants to Canada (1968)^[35] atop Anti-Draft Plan stationery.

Though the presence of U.Due south. typhoon evaders and deserters in Canada was initially controversial, the Canadian authorities eventually chose to welcome them.^[36] Typhoon evasion was not a criminal criminal offense nether Canadian law.^[37] The upshot of deserters was more complex. Desertion from the U.S. military was not on the list of crimes for which a person could exist extradited nether the extradition treaty betwixt Canada and the U.S.;^[38] nevertheless, desertion was a criminal offence in Canada, and the Canadian war machine strongly opposed palliating it. In the cease, the Canadian government maintained the correct to prosecute these deserters, but in practice left them lone and instructed border guards not to ask questions relating to the issue.^[39]

In Canada, many American Vietnam War evaders received pre-emigration counseling and post-emigration assistance from locally based groups.^[40] Typically these consisted of American emigrants and Canadian supporters. The largest were the Montreal Council to Help State of war Resisters, the Toronto Anti-Draft Program, and the Vancouver Committee to Aid American War Objectors.^[41] Journalists often noted their effectiveness.^[42] The Manual for Typhoon-Age Immigrants to Canada, published jointly past the Toronto Anti-Draft Plan and the House of Anansi Press, sold near 100,000 copies,^{[43] [44]} and 1 sociologist found that the Manual had been read by over 55% of his data sample of U.S. Vietnam State of war emigrants either earlier or subsequently they arrived in Canada.^[45] In addition to the counseling groups (and at least formally separate from them) was a Toronto-based political organization, the Matrimony of American Exiles, amend known equally "Amex."^{[46] [47]} It sought to speak for American draft evaders and deserters in Canada. For example, it lobbied and campaigned for universal, unconditional amnesty, and hosted an international briefing in 1974 opposing anything brusk of that.^[48]

Effects of emigration [edit]

President Gerald Ford announcing from the White Firm that draft evaders would be given an amnesty program in 1974.

Those who went abroad faced imprisonment or forced military service if they returned home. In September 1974, President Gerald R. Ford offered an immunity program for typhoon dodgers that required them to work in culling service occupations for periods of six to 24 months.^[49] In 1977, one day later on his inauguration, President Jimmy Carter fulfilled a entrada promise by offering pardons to anyone who had evaded the draft and requested one. It antagonized critics on both sides, with the right complaining that those pardoned paid no punishment and the left complaining that requesting a pardon required the admission of a offense.^[50]

It remains a affair of debate whether emigration to Canada and elsewhere during the Vietnam State of war was an effective, or even a genuine, war resistance strategy. Scholars argue that it was non simply relatively ineffective, merely that it served to siphon off disaffected young Americans from the larger struggle.^[51] Activists Rennie Davis and Tom Hayden reportedly held similar views.^[52] By contrast, others recognize the American emigrants as "war resisters",^{[53] [54]} and Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada author Marking Satin contended that public awareness of tens of thousands of immature Americans leaving for Canada would^{[55] [56]} – and eventually did^{[57] [58]} – help stop the state of war.

Some draft evaders returned to the U.S. from Canada subsequently the 1977 pardon, just near half of them stayed on.^[59] This immature and mostly educated population expanded Canada'south arts and academic scenes, and helped push Canadian politics farther to the left, though some Canadians, including some nationalists, found their presence or impact troubling.^[60] American draft evaders who left for Canada and became prominent there include political leader Jim Dark-green, gay rights advocate Michael Hendricks, attorney Jeffry House, author Keith Maillard, playwright John Murrell, tv set personality Eric Nagler, film critic Jay Scott, and musician Jesse Winchester. Other typhoon evaders from the Vietnam era remain in Sweden and elsewhere.^{[61] [62]}

Experiences of emigrants [edit]

Vancouver urban center councillor Jim Green was one of several draft evaders who later on settled in Canada and became prominent in Canadian politics.

A number of autobiographical novels were written by draft evaders who went to Canada^{[63] [64]} Morton Redner's Getting Out (1971) and Marker Satin's Confessions of a Immature Exile (1976), Allen Morgan'southward Dropping Out in three/4 Time (1972), and Daniel Peters's Border Crossing (1978). All these books portray their protagonists' views, motives, activities, and relationships in detail.^{[63] [64]} A critic noted that they contained some surprises:

It is to be expected that the draft dodgers denounce the state as an oppressive bureaucracy, using the vernacular of the time to rail against "the machine" and "the system." What is more surprising is their full general resistance to mass movements, a sentiment that contradicts the association of the typhoon dodger with sixties protestation found in more contempo work by [Scott] Turow or [Mordecai] Richler. In contrast to stereotypes, the draft dodger in these narratives is neither an unthinking follower of movement credo nor a radical who attempts to convert others to his cause. ... [Some other surprise is that the dodgers] accept little involvement in romantic beloved. Their libidinal hyperactivity accords with [Herbert] Marcuse'southward belief in the liberatory ability of eros. They are far less worried most whether particular relationships will survive the flying to Canada than about the gratification of their firsthand sexual urges.^[65]

Later on memoirs by Vietnam-era draft evaders who went to Canada include Donald Simons's I Refuse (1992),^{[66] [67]} George Fetherling's Travels by Night (1994),^{[68] [69]} and Marker Frutkin's Erratic Northward (2008).^{[70] [71]}

Legacy [edit]

Celebrities [edit]

For many decades after the Vietnam War concluded, prominent Americans were existence accused of having manipulated the draft system to their advantage.

In a 1970s High Times article, American singer-songwriter and future conservative activist Ted Nugent stated that he took crystal meth, and urinated and defecated in his pants before his physical, in order to avert being drafted into the Vietnam War.^[72] In a 1990 interview with a big Detroit newspaper, Nugent made similar statements,^[74] and in 2014 Media Matters for America summarized and excerpted that interview, noting for example that before his physical Nugent was "nearly living inside pants caked with his own excrement", meanwhile imbibing "cypher but Vienna sausages and Pepsi".^[73]

Liberal actor and comedian Chevy Hunt as well misled his draft board. In 1989, approximately two decades later on the fact, Hunt revealed on a telly talk show that he avoided the Vietnam State of war by making several false claims to his draft lath, including that he harbored homosexual tendencies. He added he was "not very proud" of having done that.^[75] Several politically charged books subsequently discussed Hunt's beliefs.^{[76] [77]}

Bourgeois talk radio show host Rush Limbaugh reportedly avoided the Vietnam draft because of anal cysts. In a 2011 book disquisitional of Limbaugh, journalist John K. Wlson wrote, "As a human who evaded the Vietnam War draft with the help of an anal cyst, Limbaugh is a chickenhawk fond of making hyperbolic attacks on [liberal] foreign policy".^[78]

Politicians [edit]

By 2006 politicians whom opponents had accused of improperly avoiding the typhoon included George Due west. Bush, Dick Cheney, and Bill Clinton.^[79]

Former Republican presidential nominee Hand Romney'southward deferment has been questioned. During the Vietnam War, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) – Romney'south church – became embroiled in controversy for deferring big numbers of its young members.".^[eighty] The LDS Church eventually agreed to cap the number of missionary deferments it sought for members in any i region.^[81] Afterwards Romney dropped out of Stanford University and was about to lose his student deferment, he decided to become a missionary; and the LDS Church in his habitation state of Michigan chose to give him one of that state's missionary deferments.^[82] In a Salon article from 2007, liberal announcer Joe Conason noted that Romney's father had been governor of Michigan at the time.^[82]

Attending has also been paid to independent Senator Bernie Sanders's failure to serve. In an article in The Atlantic, it was reported that, subsequently graduating from the University of Chicago in 1964, and moving back to New York City, the future candidate for the Democratic Presidential nomination applied for conscientious objector status – even though as Sanders acknowledged to the reporter, he was not religious.^[83] (Sanders was opposed to the Vietnam State of war.^[84] At the time, even so, CO status was granted entirely on the basis of religious opposition to all war.^[83]) Sanders's CO status was denied. However, a "lengthy series of hearings, an FBI investigation and numerous postponements and delays" took him to age 26 at which point he was no longer eligible for the typhoon.^[83] In a 2015 book disquisitional of Sanders, announcer Harry Jaffe revisited that portion of the Atlantic article, emphasizing that by the time Sanders'due south "numerous hearings" had run their grade he was "too onetime to exist drafted".^[85]

Donald Trump, who became President of the United States in 2017, graduated from college in the spring of 1968, making him eligible to be drafted and sent to Vietnam; but he received a diagnosis of os spurs in his heels. The diagnosis resulted in a medical deferment, exempting him from war machine service.^[86] Due to this deferment he was accused of draft dodging.^{[87] [88]}

Joe Biden, a old U.S. vice president and senator who became the 46th President of the U.s.a. in 2021, was excused from military service in 1968 considering of asthma as a teenager.^{[89] [90] [91] [Notation i]} An Associated Press (AP) story, run in The Washington Times, states: "In Promises to Keep, a memoir that was published [in 2007] …, Mr. Biden never mentions his asthma, recounting an active childhood, work as a lifeguard and football exploits in high schoolhouse".^[89] A shorter version of the AP story ran in Newsday, a New York newspaper.^[90]

Notes [edit]

1. ^ No details on the asthma triggers were mentioned. Asthma tin can be triggered by a wide spectrum of triggers, including allergens, chemic irritants, and practise. Therefore, information technology is entirely possible to take asthma and yet even so be able to engage in vigorous physical activity, and withal to not be fit for military service, given that military service carries the intrinsic and obvious expectation of being able to survive exposure to chemical irritants such equally gunfire smoke and particulates released by weaponry, munitions, explosions, incendiary devices, deliberate burning of items, and other military activities.

^[91]

References [edit]

1. ^ Burns, John (xi October 1967). "Deaf to the Typhoon". The Earth and Postal service (Toronto), pp. 1, two.
2. ^ ^{a b} "Early typhoon resistance in the Vietnam War, 1966-69". livingpeacemuseum.org . Retrieved December 17, 2019.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Cortright, David (2008). Peace: A History of Movements and Ideas. Cambridge, Uk: Cambridge Academy Printing, pp. 164–165. ISBN 978-0-521-67000-5.
4. ^ Cortright (2005), cited higher up, p. 164.
5. ^ Cortright (2005), cited above, p. 165 (quoting task force chair Martin Anderson).
6. ^ ^{a b} Baskir and Strauss (1978), cited higher up, p. 169.
7. ^ Baskir and Strauss (1987), cited to a higher place.
8. ^ ^{a b} Baskir and Strauss, cited above, p. 54.
9. ^ Baskir and Strauss, cited above, p. 14.
10. ^ ^{a b} Baskir and Strauss, cited above, p. 51
11. ^ Ochs, Phil (1965). "Draft Dodger Rag". Lyrics. Genius website. Retrieved 12 Oct 2018.
12. ^ Guthrie, Arlo (1967). "Alice's Restaurant Massacre". Lyrics. Genius website. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
13. ^ Kupferberg, Tuli; Bashlow, Robert (1968). 1001 Ways to Beat the Draft. New York: Oliver Layton Press. Originally New York: Grove Printing, 1967. The book focuses on the United States in the 1960s. Neither edition has an ISBN number.
14. ^ Feiffer, Jules (1989). The Collected Works, Volume 2: Munro. Seattle: Fantagraphics Books. ISBN 978-i-56097-001-ix.
15. ^ Satin, Mark (2017, orig. 1968). Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada. Toronto: Firm of Anansi Press "A List" reprint ed., Chap. 24 (listing the names advertizing addresses of 100 U.S. anti-draft groups from 38 states as of Jan 1968). ISBN 978-one-4870-0289-3.
16. ^ Tatum, Arlo, ed. (Oct 1968, orig. 1952). Handbook for Careful Objectors. Philadelphia: Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors, 10th ed., p. half-dozen. Booklet of 100 pages, no ISBN.
17. ^ Gitlin (1993, orig. 1987), cited in a higher place, pp. 247–252.
18. ^ ^{a b c d} Ashbolt, Anthony (2013). A Cultural History of the Radical Sixties in the San Francisco Bay Area. New York: Routledge, pp. 127–128. ISBN 978-1-84893-232-6.
19. ^ ^{a b c} Foley (2003), cited higher up, Introduction and Chaps. i–half-dozen.
20. ^ Sale, Kirkpatrick (1973). SDS. New York: Vintage Books / Random House, "Resistance 1965-1968" section, pp. 311–316. ISBN 978-0-394-71965-8.
21. ^ Carson, Clayborne (1981). In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 271. ISBN 978-0-674-44726-iv.
22. ^ ^{a b} Ferber, Michael; Lynd, Staughton (1971). The Resistance. Boston: Buoy Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-0542-two.
23. ^ ^{a b c} Klein, Joe (13 June 1982). "A Protégé's Story". The New York Times Book Review, p. 3. Retrieved two Feb 2018.
24. ^ ^{a b} Friedman, Sari (1 February 2002). "Stranger than Fiction". Berkeley Daily Planet, p. 1. Retrieved 2 Feb 2018.
25. ^ ^{a b} Kehler, Randy (September 2005). "Felon for Peace: The Memoir of a Vietnam-Era Typhoon Resister". Fellowship, vol. 71, no. 9–x, p. 27. A publication of the Fellowship of Reconciliation.
26. ^ Joseph, Paul (April 2015). "Resister: A Story of Peace and Prison During the Vietnam War". Peace & Alter, vol. 40, issue no. 2, pp. 272–276. A articulation publication of the Peace History Gild and the Peace and Justice Studies Association.
27. ^ ^{a b} Polner, Murray (xviii May 2014). "Review of Bruce Dancis'southward 'Resister'". History News Network, an electronic platform at George Washington University. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
28. ^ Squires, Jessica (2013). Building Sanctuary: The Movement to Support Vietnam War Resisters in Canada, 1965–73. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 174. ISBN 978-0-7748-2524-5.
29. ^ Kusch (2001), cited above, p. 26.
30. ^ Wittmann, Anna One thousand. (2016). Talking Disharmonize: The Loaded Language of Genocide, Political Violence, Terrorism, and Warfatre. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, pp. 115–116 ("Draft Dodgers" entry). ISBN 978-i-4408-3424-0.
31. ^ Wong, Jan (1997). Red China Blues: My Long March from Mao to At present. New York: Anchor Books, pp. 154–155. ISBN 978-0-385-48232-five.
32. ^ Kiask, Ken (2015). Draft-Dodging Odyssey. Seattle, WA: CreateSpace / Amazon. ISBN 978-1-5087-5169-4.
33. ^ Jones, Joseph (2005). Contending Statistics: The Numbers for U.S. War Resisters in Canada. Morrisville, NC: Lulu Printing. ISBN 978-0-9737641-0-9.
34. ^ McGill, Robert (2017). War Is Here: The Vietnam State of war and Canadian Literature. Kingston, Canada: McGill-Queen's Academy Press, p. 272 n.12 (citing scholars John Hagan, David D. Harvey, Joseph Jones, and David S. Surrey). ISBN 978-0-7735-5159-6.
35. ^ Stewart, Luke (Dec 2018). "Review Essay: Manual for Draft-Historic period Immigrants to Canada". Études canadiennes / Canadian Studies, consequence no. 85, pp. 219–223. Published in French and English by Clan Française d'Études Canadiennes, Institut des Amériques, France. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
36. ^ Knowles, Valerie (2016). Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Clearing and Immigration Policy, 1540–2015. Toronto: Dundurn Press, fourth ed., p. 214 ("Typhoon-Age Americans in Canada" section). ISBN 978-ane-4597-3285-viii.
37. ^ Kasinsky, Renée Thou. (1976). Refugees from Militarism: Draft-Age Americans in Canada. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, p. 61. ISBN 978-0-87855-113-2.
38. ^ Satin (2017, orig. 1968), cited above, pp. 120–122.
39. ^ Keung, Nicholas (20 Baronial 2010). "Iraq War Resisters Run across Cool Reception in Canada." Toronto Star. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
40. ^ Clausen, Oliver (21 May 1967). "Boys Without a Country". The New York Times Magazine, pp. 25 and 94–105.
41. ^ Williams (1971), cited above, pp. 56–62.
42. ^ Mag or newspaper articles that touched on the effectiveness of ane or more than of Canada's draft counseling groups include:
    • Cowan, Edward (11 February 1968). "Expatriate Draft Evaders Prepare Manual on How to Immigrate to Canada". The New York Times, p. 7.
    • Dunford, Gary (3 February 1968). "Toronto's Anti-Draft Office Jammed". Toronto Star, p. 25.
    • Johnson, Olive Skene (August 1967). "Typhoon-Historic period Dilemma". McCall'south, pp. 34, 150.
    • Rosenthal, Harry F. (2 June 1968). "Canada Increasingly Draft Dodgers' Haven". Los Angeles Times, p. H9.
    • Schreiber, Jan (Jan 1968). "Canada's Haven for Typhoon Dodgers". The Progressive, pp. 34–36.
    • Wakefield, Dan (March 1968). "Supernation at Peace and War". The Atlantic, pp. 42–45.
43. ^ Adams, James (20 Oct 2007). "'The Big Guys Go on Existence Surprised past U.s..'" The Globe and Mail (Toronto), p. R6 (statting that "close to 100,000" had been sold).
44. ^ MacSkimming, Roy (26 August 2017). "Review: Mark Satin'south Transmission for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada Is Just equally Timely as E'er". The World and Mail, p. R12 (stating that 65,000 had been sold by Canadian publishers and another 30,000 had been reproduced in whole or in role by U.S. anti-war entities). Online text dated 25 August 2017. Retrieved 26 Nov 2017.
45. ^ Hagan, John (2001). Northern Passage: American Vietnam State of war Resisters in Canada. Cambridge MA: Harvard Academy Press, pp. 77–78. ISBN 978-0-674-00471-nine.
46. ^ Hagan (2001), pp. fourscore–81.
47. ^ Williams (1971), pp. 79–83.
48. ^ Hagan (2001), pp. 81 and 161–62.
49. ^ Author unspecified (14 September 1974). "Flexible Amnesty Program Is Reported Fix past Ford". The New York Times, p. nine. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
50. ^ Schulzinger, Robert D. (2006). A Time for Peace: The Legacy of the Vietnam War. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-507190-0 . Retrieved July thirty, 2011.
51. ^ Foley, Michael S. (2003). Confronting the War Motorcar: Draft Resistance During the Vietnam War. Chapel Hill, NC: Academy of N Carolina Press, pp. 6–7, 39, 49, 78. ISBN 978-0-8078-5436-5.
52. ^ Kasinsky (1976), cited above, p. 98.
53. ^ Williams (1971), cited above.
54. ^ Hagan (2001), cited above.
55. ^ Kasinsky (1976), p. 104.
56. ^ Satin, Mark (2017). "Afterword: Bringing Typhoon Dodgers to Canada in the 1960s". In Satin, Marking (2017, orig. 1968). Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada. House of Anansi Printing, "A List" reprint ed, p. 129. ISBN 978-one-4870-0289-3.
57. ^ Satin (2017), p. 135.
58. ^ Satin, Mark (14 June 2017). "Godfrey and Me". Firm of Anansi Press website. Retrieved iv April 2019.
59. ^ Hagan, John (2001), pp. three and 241–42.
60. ^ These points take been made in a series of academic journal manufactures by Canadian social historian David Churchill:
    • Churchill, David South. (2004). "An Ambiguous Welcome: Vietnam Draft Resistance, the Canadian Land, and Common cold War Containment". Histoire Sociale / Social History, vol. 37, no. 73, pp. 1–26.
    • Churchill, David Due south. (Fall 2010). "American Expatriates and the Edifice of Alternative Social Space in Toronto, 1965–1977". Urban History Review, vol. XXXVIX, no. one, pp. 31–44.
    • Churchill, David S. (June 2012). "Draft Resistance, Lefr Nationalism, and the Politics of Anti-Imperialism". Canadian Historical Review, vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 227–260.
61. ^ Baskir and Strauss (1978), p. 201.
62. ^ Hagan (2001), cited above, p. 186 (quoting Baskir and Strauss).
63. ^ ^{a b} Adams, Rachel (Fall 2005). "'Going to Canada': The Politics and Poetics of Northern Exodus". Yale Journal of Criticism, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 417–425 ("The Things They Wrote" department). Reproduced at the Project MUSE database. Retrieved 24 Nov 2017.
64. ^ ^{a b} McGill (2017), cited above, pp. 172–181 ("The Alternative America in Draft-Dodger Novels" sub-affiliate).
65. ^ Adams (Autumn 2005), p. 419.
66. ^ Beelaert, Amy One thousand. (November 1993). "Voices of Our Times: I Refuse: Memories of a Vietnam State of war Objector". The English Periodical, vol. 82, no. vii, p. 84.
67. ^ Peters, Pamela J. (Apr 1992). "I Refuse: Memories of a Vietnam War Objector", Library Journal, vol. 117, no. 6, p. 129.
68. ^ Macfarlane, David (30 April 1994). "Fetherling'south Talents Take Wing". The Globe and Mail, p. C20.
69. ^ Ware, Randall (1 May 1994). "A Greyness Memoir of a Colorful Time". Ottawa Citizen, p. B3.
70. ^ Coates, Donna (Winter 2009). "Artful Dodgers". Canadian Literature, event no. 203, p. 147. A publication of the Academy of British Columbia.
71. ^ Grady, Wayne (8 Oct 2008). "An Artful Dodger". The Globe and Mail, p. D4.
72. ^ ^{a b} Sirius, R.U. (2009). Everybody Must Get Stoned: Rock Stars on Drugs. Kensington Publishing Corp., pp. 47–48. ISBN 978-0-8065-3073-4.
73. ^ ^{a b} Johnson, Timothy (26 March 2014). "The Worst Ted Nugent Interview of All Fourth dimension". Media Matters for America, online article (see under the sub-head "Nugent Says He Soiled Himself To Avoid Vietnam Among Other Bizarre Anecdotes"). Retrieved 27 July 2018.
74. ^ Noriyuki, Duane (15 July 1990). "Ted Nugent Grows Up?". Detroit Free Press, mag section, pp. 6, 10.
75. ^ O'Connor, John J. (11 January 1989). "Review / Tv; Late-Dark Chitchat Additions: Pat Sajak and Arsenio Hall". The New York Times, p. C-17. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
76. ^ Kusch (2001), cited above, p. 71.
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Which Of These Was Most Likely To Avoid Service In Vietnam?,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_evasion_in_the_Vietnam_War

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